The aces of computer science.

For defining what computation is, breaking Enigma, and asking whether machines can think - the whole field descends from him.

For writing the first algorithm intended for a machine, a century before the machine existed.

For A Mathematical Theory of Communication - the bit itself - and for showing Boolean algebra could build machines.

For believing machines could understand words, building the first compiler, and teaching generations to ask forgiveness, not permission.

For the architecture nearly every computer still uses, and for range no one has matched since.

For naming the field of AI, inventing Lisp, and imagining computing as a utility half a century early.

For treating programming as art and analysis as science across the deepest book in the field, and for TeX as a gift to every scientist.

For the shortest-path algorithm, semaphores, and the conviction that programs should be proved, not just tested.

For C and Unix - the language and the system almost everything else is built on.

For Unix, for Reflections on Trusting Trust, and for still shipping systems the whole world runs.

For data abstraction and the substitution principle that bears her name - the foundations of how software is composed.

For logical clocks, Paxos, and TLA+ - the mathematics that lets unreliable machines agree - and for LaTeX besides.

For co-designing the protocol that made one internet out of many networks.

For the other half of TCP/IP and the open-architecture idea that let the internet belong to no one.

For inventing the Web and giving it away - and for spending the decades since fighting to hand people back their data.

For Smalltalk and the Dynabook vision - the best way to predict the future is to invent it.

For the theory of compiler optimization, and for being the first woman to win the Turing Award.

For probabilistic encryption and zero-knowledge proofs - the mathematics of proving without revealing, the soul of consent-first computing.

For Fortran - the first language that let scientists talk to machines - and the notation the whole field uses to define languages.

For Pascal, Modula, Oberon, and a lifetime of proving that simple is harder and better - the law that systems must not grow faster than their usefulness bears his name.

For quicksort at 26, the logic that lets us prove programs correct, and the honesty to call null references his billion-dollar mistake.

For ML and the type systems behind safe software, and for giving concurrency a mathematics of its own.

For formulating NP-completeness - the question that defines what computers can feasibly do, still open, still the prize.

For showing that 21 classic problems are all one problem in disguise - the map of computational hardness every engineer navigates.

For the minimax principle and secure multi-party computation - how strangers compute together without revealing their secrets.

For RSA - the public-key cryptosystem that made private commerce on an open internet possible.

For RSA and secret sharing - the mathematics of trusting no single party with everything.

For RSA and for computing with DNA - proof that computation is bigger than silicon.

For the Diffie-Hellman exchange - two strangers agreeing on a secret in public - the handshake beneath every private conversation online.

For the exchange that bears his name and decades arguing publicly that privacy is a civic good, not a crime.

For Bayesian networks and the causal revolution - teaching machines, and scientists, to reason about why.

For the relational model - the idea that data is relations, not files - beneath practically every database on earth.

For the transaction - all or nothing, exactly once - the promise that makes banks, airlines, and ledgers trustworthy.

For Ingres, Postgres, and forty years of building the databases the industry then standardized on.

For System/360 and the most honest book in software engineering - no silver bullet, and adding people to a late project makes it later.

For Sketchpad in 1963 - drawing on a screen, constraints, objects - the ancestor of every graphical interface.

For the mouse, hypertext, video calls, and collaborative editing - demonstrated in one afternoon in 1968 - and the conviction that computers exist to augment human intellect.

For the graph algorithms and data structures - union-find, splay trees, strongly connected components - working programmers reach for daily.

For the algorithms and the textbooks that taught generations what computation can and cannot do.

For half a century of belief in neural networks through every winter, until the world caught up.

For the science of representation learning and for turning his stature toward AI safety when it mattered.

For convolutional networks - machines that see - and for keeping the field honest about what is missing.

For ImageNet, the dataset that ignited deep learning, and for insisting AI stay human-centered.

For inverse document frequency - the weighting inside every search engine - and for insisting computing is too important to be left to men.

For MapReduce, Bigtable, Spanner, and TensorFlow - the systems playbook of the modern era - and for a standard of engineering the whole industry measures itself against.

For the Google File System and two decades of the quiet pair-programming behind planet-scale computing.

For Linux and Git - the kernel the world runs on and the tool the world builds with, both given away.

For the Apollo code that landed humans on the Moon and for naming the discipline of software engineering.

For the spanning tree that let Ethernet scale into everything - the mother of the internet who insists she is not.

For RISC and RAID, the quantitative approach to architecture, and the TPU work that powers modern AI.

For C++ - abstraction at zero cost - the language beneath the browsers, engines, and trading systems the world runs on.

For Python - readable by design, kind to beginners, mighty in production - the language AI itself is largely written in.

For the Mead-Conway revolution that let universities design chips - and for a life of courage that widened the field for everyone after her.

For Systers and the Grace Hopper Celebration - the systems researcher who built the rooms where a generation of women in computing found each other.